With increasing climate variability, nomadic pastoralists in arid and semi-arid agro-ecologies get more difficult time. The lack of fodder and water is threatening their herds. Very little is known about what the right way to support these pastoralists and increase their resilience: should we improve their livestock management, developing smart early warning information systems about availability of water and fodder (with smartphone applications for example) and make sure that nothing hampers their mobility (like foreign direct investors)? or should we try to settle these nomadic people and teach them how to grow crops in water stressed area?
Up until today there is no answer to this question : both the livestock and crop pathways have not yet been studied also because of the lack of evidence on the ground. The Ethiopian government, despite of the uncertainty, is in favor of the settlement (it is said that the major reason for settling is control over the region rather than livelihood improvement). Therefore land has been given to an Israeli company to start a pilot project to produce crops in arid areas with ground water (like in Israel). The company has started to build up goodwill of the communities by drilling wells that serves for the community livestock. Also part of the production is supplied to the pastoralists. Jobs are created.
Somehow it looks like a great initiative from which we will be able learn what works and what doesn't. We will also be able to discover how pastoralists will adapt their livelihoods. Most probably part of the family will settle and work for the commercial farms get access to cash and food the other part of the family might continuing nomadic life. Combining the livestock and crop might increase the resilience of the pastoralists households, also insuring access to water and food during the droughts.
Some open questions remain : is there a contract that obliges the commercial farmers to provide food to the community? or do they have the option to switch to export products only leaving the locals hungry? what is the impact the israeli project on mobility of livestock? How much groundwater is available, on how does the government insure that there is no overuse of the groundwater?
Somehow my intuitions tells me that this model can improve resilience and livelihoods of pastoralists, only if few commercial farm settle, allowing a cohabitation between nomadic and settled live. An upcoming research question will also be : what is this thresholds allowing for cohabitation of the two lifestyles? how does the contract with the commercial farmers need to look like?
The israeli pilot project is not just a pilot for the Ethiopian government, but also for livestock scientists. It will definitely challenge our concepts and allow us to learn. A story to follow up.
Find here the article published last week in the English reporter about the Israeli pilot project :
By Yonas Abiye
Looking at a wide portion of Somali or Afar
regions, one might be tempted to call it as an unproductive or non-loam
soil because of the hottest temperature and the acacia trees as well as
thorny prosopis juliflora (derogatorily otherwise known as Woyane tree).
Meanwhile, in the eye of anyone from Israel, this is a funny view.
For them, Somali or Afar areas are like a virgin and fertile land.
For Ethiopian pastoralists, whose livelihood depends on animal
husbandry, agriculture had almost ‘zero position’. For them livestock
are everything. Most of them have a belief that there is no life without
livestock.
Though the Ethiopian government, as a national
development strategy, had attempted to introduce the agriculture system
to pastoralist areas, most of them seem hardly manageable to accept
agriculture as an alternative means to their livelihood. Their life is
always mobile.
Within these prevailing facts and challenges an
Israel company, Agropeace, came to Ethiopia two years ago to engage in
the country’s large-scale agriculture mainly focusing in the mass
production of biofuel plants and floricultures as well as crops, unlike
most local as well as oversees investors who do not dare to engage in
such ventures in the region. This is obviously seem that many of the
investors, if not all, prefer putting their money near fertile lands of
the country around Addis Ababa and in the nearest and relatively modest
towns.
Meanwhile, Agropeace looks determined to grow more in one
of the country’s hottest and remote areas of Somali region such as
Shinile and Gad districts.
In fact, for a longtime, ploughing
lands or having agriculture practice has been an unusual, or
unpreferable business in Shinile and Gad localities which are not very
far from the town of Dire Dawa.
Having secured nearly 2,000
hectares from the Somali region four years ago, Agropeace launched its
first pilot project by producing maize and caster seeds. Since such kind
of agri-business has not been common in the pastoralist's areas, for
Agropeace it was a challenging mission to gain the support of the local
residents.
According to the existing tradition of most
pastoralists, every plot of land belongs to their communal property
where they feed their cattle no matter the title deed given to them as
is common in other parts of Ethiopia. As a result, the Israel company
had not received positive welcome from the resident pastoralist
communities from Shinile as well as Gad.
So, the company had to
work hard to get the goodwill of the pastoralists. Eventually since
water shortage is the serious problem of the, Agropeace first built
around six wells and delivered water to the community for their
livelihood and to their livestock. Next, in its first year the company
produced tomato, green pepper and maize and distributed it to the
community. This was also coupled by teaching them a new trend of
agricultural production on how to produce it and create employment
opportunities.
Recently, the company organized a two-days field
trip where its major shareholders from the US and the UK, along with the
Israeli Ambassador to Ethiopia, as well as local officials visited the
project sites in Shinile and Gad.
Briefing on the progress of
the project, the founder of the company, Zir Brosh, told visitors that
“the project is very promising. So far, from this pilot project, we have
learnt that the area is very fertile and suitable for castor, any crops
and vegetables so that we are able to grow year round. “
Yohash
Zohar, the general manager of Agropeace Ethiopia, said that despite some
challenges the company faces as an initial development cost the company
is profitable in a short period of time.
“This project, I believe, will be a benchmark for Ethiopia and will attract many other foreign investors,” he told The Reporter.
“We
truly believe that the drier regions of Ethiopia such as Somali and
Afar regions can actually be the bread-basket of Ethiopia,” he said,
adding that with the right development and usage of underground water
they (Afar and Somali regions) can produce more cash crops probably for
all other parts of Ethiopia together.
He also explained that the
advantage of investing in the Somali region is also advantageous,
logistically citing its proximity to the Port of Djibouti.
“It makes a lot of sense to invest in such areas,” Zohar said.
According
to the general manager, the company is investing a total amount of 20
million dollars for its 2000 hectare project, out of which 70 percent of
the investment loan is acquired from Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE)
while the rest is partly financed from Agropeace, development partners
as well as from the income generated from the project itself.
He
told The Reporter that the company aims to start exporting in 2013 for
the first time, starting with some 2000 tons of castor seed that is
estimated to be roughly worth about 2.5 million dollars.
So far, over 350 hectares of land has been cleared for castor production.
“In
Israel we have a lot of experiences in developing deserts and turn it
into productive agricultural farm. Once you have enough water and use it
with kid gloves, it will be advantageous because being very dry is an
advantage. When you have water for irrigation, you can absolutely
control how much water you can use for your farm.”
For the company, infrastructure development is a bottleneck challenge that has already forced it to incur core investment costs.
Anteneh
Gelaye, chief operation manager of the project, explained that such a
kind of investment is the first project in the area.
Anteneh
told The Reporter that at that demonstration site, Agropeace has carried
out pilot project and has seen satisfactory results particularly in
castor seed, soya bean, groundnut as well as maize.
“Though this
areas is semi-desert, for example, last year using Israeli technology
we grew an American maize seed. And we have harvested about 80 quintals
from a hectare while is 30 quintals in normal case.”
The Israeli
Ambassador to Ethiopia, Belaynesh Zevadia, hailed the company’s project
saying, “I’m happy about this promising achievement. They did a great
job.”
She also told the company, “I hope in a couple of years, you would reap good production.
“There
is a jewish saying that goes “If you save one life, you will save the
world”, Belaynesh said after she saw the water wells the company
provided for the local residents “I was born in Gondar and grew up in
Addis Ababa before leaving for Israel when I was 17. I didn’t know we
have such kind of place. Now I’m proud of being Jewish. I’m proud of
Ethiopia. Please keep saving more lives.”
Similarly, the vice president of development DBE, Tadesse Oge’e, praised the company for its project.
“Your
commitment to invest in such kind of area is very fantastic while most
investors prefer to invest in Addis Ababa and surrounding areas. We are
ready to support this project and continue to support it.
Issayas
Kebede, from Ministry of Agriculture, on his part said, “This is the
kind of development that Ethiopia seeks. When you lose, we lose, when
your gain we gain.
For a long time the area was known as one of the country’s smuggling corridor and black market zones.
By Prof. Nick van de Giesen (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), guest writer 
